Production Systems

Productivity and yield stability at late treatment of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) with antibroadleaved herbicides II. Influence at treatment during 2-nd stem node stage

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Gr. Delchev*, M. Delcheva

Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria

(Manuscript received 17 May 2018; accepted for publication 16 October 2018)

Abstract. Theresearchwasconductedduring2012-2014onpellicvertisolsoiltype.InvestigatedwastheBulgariandurumwheatcultivarVictoria(Triticum durum var. valenciae). A total of 20 antibroadleaved herbicides were investigated: Granstar 75 DF, Granstar super 50 SG, Ally max SG, Arat, Biathlon 4 D, Derby super WG, Mustang 306.25 SC, Weedmaster 646 CL, Sunsac, Secator OD, Logran 60 WG, Lintur 70 WG, Akurat 60 WG, Akurat extra WG, Eagle 75 DF, Herbaflex, Starane 250 EK, Sanafen, Dicotex 400 and Herby 675. All herbicides were treated in 2-nd stem node stage of durum wheat. During 2-nd stem node stage of durum wheat the following antibroadleaved herbicides can be used: Arat, Biathlon, Derby super, Mustang, Secator, Lintur, Akurat, Akurat extra, Starane, Dicotex and Herby. These herbicides do not have a negative influence on grain yield. The most unstable treatments are with herbicides Granstar, Granstar super, Ally max, Sunsac, Logran, Eagle, Herbaflex and Herby. Their selectivity to durum wheat is influenced most strongly by weather conditions during the vegetation period. From the viewpoint of technology for durum wheat growing, during 2-nd stem node stage technologically the most valuable are the herbicides Derby super, Arat, Biathlon, Secator, Akurat, Akurat extra and Lintur. Their application provides high and stable grain yield during different years. The herbicides Granstar, Granstar super, Ally max, Sunsac, Weedmaster, Logran, Eagle and Herbaflex cannot be used during 2-nd stem node stage of durum wheat.

Grain yield response of some agronomy practices on contemporary common winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.)

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M. Nankova*, A. Atanasov
Dobrudzha Agricultural Institute, 9520 General Toshevo, Bulgaria
(Manuscript received 28 June 2018; accepted for publication 5 September 2018)

Abstract. During2014–2017,theinfluenceofsomemainagronomyfactorsonthesizeoftheresultantagronomiceffectfromtheirapplicationtocontemporary common winter wheat cultivars was investigated. The study was carried out in the experimental field (Haplic Chernozems soil type) of Dobrudzha Agricultural Institute – General Toshevo. The trial was designed by the split plot method, in four replications, on harvest area of 12m2. Cultivars Sadovo 1, Pryaspa, Kami, Kalina, Kiara, Kossara and Katarjina were grown after winter oilseed rape, spring pea, sunflower and grain maize at four levels of nutrition regime. The nutrition regime was differentiated depending on the previous crop. After spring pea, 30, 60 and 90 kg N/ha were used, and after the rest of the previous crops – 60, 120 and 180 kg N/ha. With the exception of the check variant all fertilizer variants were against background fertilization with 60 kg P2O5/ha and 60 kg K2O/ha. The positive reaction from the complex interaction of the tested agronomy factors was best expressed in 2015 – 2409.2 kg/ha, while during the extremely unfavorable year 2016, the effect was only 628.2 kg/ha. The independent and combined action of the mineral fertilization and the year conditions had determining influence on the size of the agronomic effect (AE). The positive effect from the mineral fertilization on the values of AE was accompanied by slight differentiation between the tested fertilization norms. Within this study, the highest mean value of AE was determined after fertilization with N180P60K60 – 2274.2 kg/ha. The variation in the mean size of AE depending on the type of previous crop was high – from 900.6 kg/ha (pea) to 2031.2 kg/ha (oilseed rape). The applied agronomy practices caused differentiation in the mean values of AE according to the type of cultivar. The cultivars Kiara (1796.1 kg/ha) and Kalina (1704.5 kg/ha) were with the highest size of AE. They exceeded the AE values of the two standard cultivars Sadovo 1 and Pryaspa by 30.26% and 23.62%, respectively. Averaged for the research, it was found that AE was in positive statistically significant correlation with grain yield and its physical properties.

Application of herbicides on common winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at different doses and their reflection on the structural elements of spike

by miglena
  1. Z. Petrova, Nankova

 

Dobrudzha Agricultural Institute, 9520 General Toshevo, Bulgaria

 

DOI: 10.15547/ast.2018.03.046

(Manuscript received 13 June 2018; accepted for publication 25 July 2018)

 

Abstract. The aim of this investigation was to determine the effect of the application dose of herbicides on structural elements of spike in common winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The investigations were carried out during 2015–2017 at Dobrudzha Agricultural Institute (DAI) – town of General Toshevo. The following herbicides were used: Derby super WG (33 g/ha; 66 g/ha; 132 g/ha), Secator ОD (100 mL/ha; 200 mL/ha; 400 mL/ha), Ergon WG (50 g/ha; 100 g/ha; 200 g/ha), Granstar super 50SG (40 g/ha; 80 g/ha; 160 g/ha), Lintur 70WG (150 g/ha; 300 g/ha; 600 g/ha) and Mustang 306.25 СК (800 mL/ha; 1600 mL/ha; 3200 mL/ha) from the group of sulfunylureas with various mechanism of action. The preparations were applied at three doses – optimal, double and quadruple, at stage 29 of common winter wheat cultivar Dragana, Zlatitsa and Kalina. The herbicide effect was determined by the quantitative weight method and evaluated by the EWRS scale. These were the traced structural elements of the wheat spike: length of spike (cm), number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, weight of grain per spike (g) and weight of 1000 grains (g). Four-factor dispersion analysis was applied. The factors year conditions, cultivar, herbicide and dose were traced. The factors with the highest strength of effect were the year conditions (10-95%) and the used cultivar (2-87%). Significantly lower was the effect of the factors applied herbicide (2-4%) and dose (1-2%) on the investigated structural elements of spike.

 

Soil structure after treatment with different operation modes of spading machine

by miglena
  1. Stoyanov1, K. Trendafilov2, N. Delchev1, G. Tihanov1

 

1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria,

2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technics and Technologies – Yambol, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria

 

DOI: 10.15547/ast.2018.03.045

(Manuscript received 13 June 2018; accepted for publication 24 August 2018)

 

Abstract. The article presents the results of a field survey of the work of a spading machine. The influence of the following factors has been investigated: operating speed, deflector cover deflection angle and rotation speed of the power take-off shaft of the tractor on soil crushing. The relative share of aggregates smaller than 1 mm, from 1 to 10 mm, from 10 to 25 mm, from 25 to 50 mm, from 50 to 100 mm and over 100 mm has been determined. Regression relations have been created to determine the proportion of soil fractions of certain sizes depending on the controllable factors. The operating speed and the position of the machine cover have the greatest influence on the granulometric composition of the soil in cultivation with a spading machine. The resulting regression relations can be used to determine the operating parameters of the machine to achieve the desired granulometric composition of the soil depending on the purpose of the cultivation.

 

The effects of inoculation and N fertilization on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seed yield and protein concentration under drought stress

by miglena
  1. Basal, A. Szabó

 

Institute of Crop Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental management, Böszörményi út 138, Debrecen, Hungary

 

DOI: 10.15547/ast.2018.03.044

(Manuscript received 7 June 2018; accepted for publication 8 August 2018)

 

Abstract. An experiment was conducted during 2017 growing season in Debrecen, Hungary to investigate the effects of inoculation and N fertilization on the seed yield and protein concentration of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar (Boglár) under three irrigation regimes: severe drought (SD), moderate drought (MD) and control with no drought stress (ND). Three N fertilizer rates were applied: no N (0N), 35 kg/ha (35N) and 105 kg/ha of N fertilizer (105N). Half of the seeds in each treatment were inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculant. The results showed significant differences in the seed yield associated with both inoculation and irrigation, whereas there were no significant differences in the seed yield associated with fertilization. When seeds were inoculated, yield was increased when (35N) was applied compared to (0N); however, high rate (105N) reduced the yield to a level even less than (0N). When seeds were not inoculated, the highest rate of N increased the yield the most compared to the other two N fertilizer rates under drought. Under severe drought, inoculation was positively and significantly correlated with yield; however, adding N fertilizer increased the yield of non-inoculated plants compared to the inoculated ones, regardless of N-fertilizer rate. Protein concentration in the seeds was significantly affected by irrigation and by fertilization, but not by inoculation. Protein concentration increased as N fertilization rate increased, regardless of inoculation or irrigation; moreover, increasing N rate reduced the correlation coefficient of protein concentration with irrigation. It was concluded that adding N-fertilizer is not always recommended, especially when seeds are inoculated before being sown; however, it is very important under severe drought stress to sustain yield. Enhanced protein concentrations could be achieved by applying N fertilization, whether the seeds were pre-inoculated or not.

 

Productivity and yield stability at late treatment of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) with antibroadleaved herbicides. I. Influence at treatment during 1-st stem node stage

by miglena

Gr. Delchev, D. Delchev

 

Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria

 

DOI: 10.15547/ast.2018.03.043

(Manuscript received 25 May 2018; accepted for publication 20 July 2018)

 

Abstract. The research was conducted during 2012 – 2014 on pellic vertisol soil type. Under investigation was Bulgarian durum wheat cultivar Victoria (Triticum durum var. valenciae). A total of 20 antibroadleaved herbicides were investigated: Granstar 75 DF, Granstar super 50 SG, Ally max SG, Arat, Biathlon 4 D, Derby super WG, Mustang 306.25 SC, Weedmaster 646 CL, Sunsac, Secator OD, Logran 60 WG, Lintur 70 WG, Akurat 60 WG, Akurat extra WG, Eagle 75 DF, Herbaflex, Starane 250 EK, Sanafen, Dicotex 400 and Herby 675. All herbicides were treated in 1-st stem node stage of durum wheat. During 1-st stem node stage of durum wheat the antibroadleaved herbicides Arat, Biathlon, Derby super, Mustang, Weedmaster, Secator, Lintur, Akurat, Akurat extra, Eagle, Starane, Sanafen, Dicotex and Herby can be used. These herbicides do not have a negative influence on grain yield. The most unstable are herbicides Granstar, Granstar super, Ally max, Sunsac, Logran, Herbaflex and Herby. Their selectivity to durum wheat is influenced most strongly by weather conditions during the vegetation period. From the viewpoint of technology for durum wheat growing, during 1-st stem node stage technologically the most valuable are herbicide Derby super, Arat, Biathlon, Secator, Akurat, Akurat extra and Lintur. They combine high grain yield with high stability in relation to different years. The herbicides Granstar, Granstar super, Ally max, Sunsac, Logran and Herbaflex cannot be used during 1-st stem node stage of durum wheat.

 

Yield and seed quality of some soybean (Glycine max. L) varieties, cultivated in Osmaniye region, Turkey

by miglena

F.F. Aşik, R. Yildiz

 

Oil Seeds Research Institute, 80950 Osmaniye, Turkey

 

DOI: 10.15547/ast.2018.03.042

(Manuscript received 21 May 2018; accepted for publication 2 August 2018)

 

Abstract. This study was carried out to determine yield and seed quality of 14 soybean varieties (Blaze, Ataem-7, Bravo, İlksoy, Çetinbey, Nova, Atakişi, Cinsoy, Adasoy, Umut-2002, Türksoy, Arısoy, HA.16-21 and SA-88), conducted with 3 replicates, according to the Randomized Block Experimental Design in the Osmaniye region, Turkey during 2016 growing season. Plant height, seed number per pod, first pod height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per node, number of pods per plant, harvest index, protein content, oil content, hundred seed weight, seed yield and fatty acid composition were the parameters examined. It was found that the controlled parameters values at different soybean varieties ranged as follows: plant height – between 69.47cm (Blaze) and 101.83cm (HA.16-21); number of seeds per pod – between 1.82 units/pod (Adasoy) and 2.21 units/pod (Blaze); first pod height – between 13.10cm (Blaze) and 22.53 cm (Umut-2002); number of branches per plant – between 1.07 units/plant (HA.16-21) and 3.00 units/plant (Nova); number of pods per node – between 2.43 units/node (Umut-2002) and 4.81 units/node (Adasoy); number of pods per plant – between 27.40 units/plant (Umut-2002) and 47.73 units/plant (Adasoy); Harvest Index values – between 43.99% (HA.16-21) and 54.72% (Ataem) – 55.42% (Blaze); protein content – between 36.09% (Nova) and 39.17% (Çetinbey); oil content – between 15.71% (Blaze) and 19.73% (Türksoy) – 19.82% (Arısoy); 100 seed weight – between 12.54g (Arısoy) and 19.18g (Çetinbey); seed yield – between 2470.41 kg/ha (Arısoy) and 3280.03 kg/ha (Adasoy); acid composition values: palmitic acid – from 9.97% (Türksoy) to 11.47% (Çetinbey); stearic acid – from 3.82% (Ataem-7) to 4.38% (Türksoy); oleic acid – from 22.39% (Bravo) to 28.14% (Çetinbey); linoleic acid – from 47.30% (Çetinbey) to 53.26%  (Ataem-7) and linolenic acid – from 5.49% (Türksoy) to 6.88% (Bravo). The soybean varieties tested showed different advantages over the individual parameters: in terms of seed yield – Adasoy (3280.03 kg/ha) and Atakişi (3260.60 kg/ha) varieties; in terms of protein content – Çetinbey (39.17%) followed by SA-88 (38.55%) genotype; in terms of oil content – Türksoy variety (19.82%) followed by Arisoy (19.73%) variety; in terms of fatty acid composition the results are very diverse.

 

Profitability analysis of small-scale fish farming in Mubi metropolis of Adamawa State, Nigeria: Alternative to poverty alleviation

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J.D. Daniel1, Z.H. Yerima2, A.B. Shelleng1

1Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Nigeria
2Adamawa State Post Primary Schools Management Board, Yola, Nigeria

(Manuscript received 18 March 2018; accepted for publication 28 May 2018)

Abstract. The study examined the profit potentials of fish farming in Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Data for the study were obtained from 70 respondents through snow-ball sampling technique between April and May 2015. The results revealed 81.43% of the respondents were youth within the age range of 20-40 years, with majority (74.29%) of them being males. About 74.3% had household members, which range from 1-5, more so, 54.3% had one form of formal education or the other. Most of the respondents also (54.30) were civil servants. Analysis of cost and returns from the fish farms unveiled a net farm profit of $407.37 (₦150 879.22) per cycle, with a benefit cost ratio of 2.03, which implies that a dollar is gained as a profit for every one dollar invested in the farming business in the study area. High cost of fingerlings (25.35%) and inadequate information on fish farming practices (15.02%) were among the major problems militating against fish farming in the area. The study recommended the supply of credit facilities to the respondents as well as extension services delivery through government and non-government organisations to improve on the farmers’ output.

Determination of Stone marten (Martes foina) and Pine marten (Martes martes) in natural habitats using camera traps

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Department of Animal Production – Non-ruminants and Other Animals, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, Stara Zagora 6000, Bulgaria

(Manuscript received 15 May 2018; accepted for publication 4 June 2018)

Abstract. In the nature, difficulties with distinguishing of closely related species like Stone marten (Martes foina) and Pine marten (Martes martes) appear. Based on 280 photos a non-invasive method for determining the Stone marten and the Pine marten by camera trapping was performed. Sloping trees (similar to Leaning-Pole or Running-Pole) were used as a route for animals to pass with a purpose to be photographed. Honey and distal parts of bird wings were used as a lure. The camera was set to capture the climbing animal from the side. The coat coloration and scent marking patterns – proper species indicators – were clearly visible on daily photos. The night photos showed the differences in body proportion but not these in throat patch coloration. Profile photographing also allowed an individual determination based on throat patch shape and area.

Wastewater characteristics by physico-chemical parameters from different type treatment plants

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D. Dermendzhieva

Department of Applied Ecology and Animal Hygiene, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria

(Manuscript received 21 January 2018; accepted for publication 2 April 2018)

Abstract. The purpose of the present study was to make wastewater characterization by physico-chemical parameters from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) – Municipal WWTP (MWWTP) and Poultry meat processing enterprise WWTP (PMPEWWTP). The investigation was carried out during 2016 and 11 wastewater parameters (ToC, pH, EC, SS, COD, BOD and total forms of N, P, K, Na and chlorides content) were controlled in 4 monitoring points (MPs) at both WWTPs: MP-1 – inlet of WWTP, MP-2 – after section of biological treatment, MP-3 – outlet of vertical precipitators and MP-4 – outlet of WWTP. Wastewater samples were collected every two months from each MP and were analyzed by validated Bulgarian State and ISO standards. The following were recorded: a) the value limit variation at the surveyed parameters and their characteristics by monitoring points in both treatment plants; b) that both TPs demonstrated high removal efficiency (81.6-98.6%) in regard to SS, COD, BOD5, Total N and Total P, and very low removal efficiency in regard to Total K (2.2-12.5%); c) that the final effluents from both TPs meet the ecological requirements for discharge in the receiving water bodies (Bedecka River and Azmaka River, respectively) for the parameters SS, COD, BOD5 and TN and deviate from them by phosphorus content that exceeds the permitted limit; d) that in MWWTP there are 25 correlations (15 positive and 10 negative) between monitored WW parameters and in PMPEWWTP – 28 correlations (19 positive and 9 negative), respectively; e) that there are different trends in the changes of the controlled physicochemical parameters by monitoring points and by months in both WWTPs determined on the basis of a regression model – a polynomial of degree II; f) that Na, Cl, COD and BOD5 WW content correlates very well with some other parameters, which allowed the development of linear regression models to determine their concentrations.